Debout les Morts!

French Army, Liaison, Missions Militaires

La Mission Militaire Française attaché à l’Armée Britannique (1)

Herbert Arnould Olivier (1861 – 1952), *General Huguet (Chief of French Mission to the British Expeditionary Force)*
1915© Estate of Herbert Arnould Olivier

On the outbreak of war, the-then Colonel (later Général) Victor Jacques Marie Huguet (1858-1925), who had been French military attaché in London from 1904-11 was ordered to head up the MMF. The son of a senator for the Pas-de-Calais département, Huguet was a student at l’Ecole polytechnique (« l’X »)- France’s prestigious institution for education in science and technology – from 1878. In that same year’s intake was Alfred Dreyfus and Louis Adrian (creator of the casque Adrian – the helmet that bears his name). He became an artillery officer and was appointed to various command and staff roles before serving as an officier d’ordonnance (orderly officer) at the Ministry of War in the midst of l’affaire Dreyfus before returning to regimental service from 1900 until at least 1902.

When war was declared, Huguet, whose time in London meant he spoke English well, was a logical choice as head of la Mission Militaire Française attaché à (sometimes auprès de) l’Armée Britannique. He was its head until December 1915 and, indeed, so closely was he associated with it that the MMF was referred to as « Mission H » (‘H’ for Huguet) in the early period of its existence.

La Mission Militaire Française attaché à l’Armée Britannique – August 1914

With Sir John French

2 interpreters

In Mission HQ

État-Major: 13 officers with Huguet as head and Colonel Vignal as Chief of Staff;
3 interpreters, 1 administration officer, 31 other ranks

2e Bureau: 1 officer, 1 other rank

3e Bureau (Intendance*): 6 officers, 10 other ranks

4e Bureau (Trésor et Postes) : 2 payeurs, 3 other ranks.

5^e Bureau (Prévôté) : 2 officers, 31 gendarmes plus 1 officer and 14 gendarmes each for prévôté of 4 and 6 Divisions.

* Commissariat department for the supply of food and equipment.

with I Corps
HQ: 4 officers, 7 other ranks, 11 gendarmes 1st Division: HQ: the officier de liaison; 1 officier interprète ; 1 capitaine de gendarmerie ; 4 other ranks ; 13 gendarmes ; 1 officier interprète with 1 Brigade 2nd Division: HQ: the officier de liaison ; 1 interpreter ; 1 Lt of gendarmes ; 4 other ranks ; 13 gendarmes ; 1 interpreter each for 1 and 2 Brigades.

with II Corps
HQ: 2 officiers de liaison; 1 interpreter, 1 capitaine de gendarmerie ; 7 other ranks ; 11 gendarmes 3rd Division: 3 officers ; 4 other ranks ; 13 gendarmes. 5th Division: 3 officers ; 4 other ranks ; 13 gendarmes ; 1 interpreter Cavalry Division: HQ: Colonel Dillon; 2 officers; 2 other ranks; 14 gendarmes *1st Brigade: 1 officer; 2 interpreters 2nd Brigade: 1 officer; 1 interpreter; + 1 interpreter and 1 liaison officer each for Regts A and C, and 1 interpreter for Regt B 3rd Brigade: 1 officer; 1 interpreter 4th Brigade: 1 officer; 1 interpreter 5th Brigade*: 1 liaison officer; 5 gendarmes; 1 interpreter each for the three regiments and 16^th Lancers.
with Royal Flying Corps 1 liaison officer
with Lines of Communication 1 liaison officer; 4 interpreters

Source: ‘Tableau d’effectifs de la Mission H’, Mission Militaires Française près l’Armée Britannique, Section d’Etat-Major, August 1914, dossier 1 : Concentration des armées W, 17N 319 SHD/T.

In the next blog post in this series, we’ll see how the MMF expanded during the course of the war and start to look at where some of the men who were part of this expansion came from. Working with individual French soldier’s records in the Registres matricules du recrutement (a subject for a separate blog post in its own right) is already one of the most exciting (and occasionally challenging!) aspects of my research – a resource from which I’m producing almost as many questions as I’m finding ‘answers’. Who were these men? How did they come to serve in this capacity and for how long? What was the work assigned to them? There are heroes of a variety of kinds and definitely some villains – as well as some absolutely fascinating, unusual and exceptional personalities.

As I already indicated, this is an occasional series and my blogging is erratic – very stop-start. It’s worth staying around though. Subscribe and you get a notification every time a new post appears. Some good people have already done that. Why not join them?

Battlefield Tourism, French Army, People, Regiments, remembrance tourism, The Experience of War, tourisme de mémoire, Uncategorized, Western Front

French Private Memorials: What’s the Story?

On a long straight stretch of the D995 road that runs across the Marne département from Vitry-le-François along the valley of La Saulx river and the Canal de la Marne au Rhin, outside the rural commune of Le Buisson stands a memorial to the 11eme Compagnie du 72^eme Régiment d’Infanterie (RI). It commemorates that unit’s actions in the fighting of 6 September 1914 – what we know as the First Battle of the Marne. But we’re over 100km from the area traditionally associated with ‘the miracle of the Marne’ and Gallieni’s Paris Taxis. This was the sector of Fernand Langle de Cary’s 4^e Armée and, although elsewhere the Allied forces were turning on the German forces that had pursued and harassed them during their retreat after defeat in the Battle of the Frontiers and making tentative beginnings at offensive operations, here the story on that day and for some days after was still very much one of retreating French forces trying to stop, or at least delay, their German opponents.

This was the nature of the action which 72^e RI was fighting and which the memorial to the 11^e compagnie commemorates.

Memorial to the 11th company of the French 72nd Infantry Regiment - a grey stone obelisk with a wide base with a steel broadsword horizontally fixed to its longest side and narrowing somewhat to a flat top and having a cross and dedication on the narrower upper part

Memorial to the 11eme compagnie du 72^e Régiment d’Infanterie. Combat du 6 Septembre 1914: le Buisson, Marne (51). (My own collection: June 2022).

It’s a sizeable memorial. When I first saw it, I was surprised to discover that it was a memorial to such a relatively small unit – one company of just 200 men. And looking into the background to it and the events of early September 1914, I’m still mulling over why these particular events at that particular time were the focus of subsequent memorialisation by the unit’s survivors.

But the memorial doesn’t stand on its own. Enclosed by a hedge of shrubs, the memorial has an individual soldier memorial to keep it company. Hippolyte Honoré François Joseph BROSSE was a member of the same regiment and the same company. His name appears on the main memorial. But he has his own monument as well. The obvious question again and again is ‘Why?’

Memorial at le Buisson, Marne (51) to soldat de 2e classe Hippolyte Honoré François Joseph BROSSE of Taverny, Seine-et-Oise (now in the Val d’Oise (95) département). (My own collection: June 2022).

Why this particular soldier (after all, Hippolyte was ‘just’ an ordinary private)? Well, we know from the stone that this is where he was killed in action (actually his Mort pour La France index card states he died as a result of injury « suite de blessure »). But why him? The 72^e RI was involved in fighting from September 6 to 11, 1914, defending an area covering the villages and hamlets of Le Buisson to Pargny-sur-Saulx and then further south, around Maurupt-le-Montois. The regiment lost nearly 1,800 soldiers (killed, wounded, prisoners, missing) during this fighting. Here’s one man commemorated with his own stone and dedication.

Also, there’s that dedication in Latin: Cecedit miles fortis in proellio – ‘A strong soldier dies in battle’. It suggests Hippolyte Brosse deserved, in the eyes of his comrades or (more probably) his family, some recognition for his actions in battle. Perhaps, of course, not just, or specifically, in this battle. This was where he died. He may have seen fighting elsewhere, but the 72^e RI had seen relatively little action in the advance to, and the retreat from, the Belgian frontier after the defeat and appalling casualties inflicted on French forces elsewhere and, although the 11^emecompagnie of the regiment gets a few mentions in this period in the regiment’s Journal des marches et opérations (JMO) – the equivalent of a British Army unit’s War Diary – there’s nothing detailing significant fighting. So, it seems reasonable to assume that, if the commemoration is for actions in combat, it was here. Exceptional soldierly conduct during the very long retreat the regiment had endured can’t, of course, be entirely ruled out.

All we can learn from the regimental JMO of the fighting of 6 September 1914 – the day soldat de 2e classe Hippolyte Brosse died – is that in the morning the 3e Bataillon (of which the 11e Compagnie was a part) was ordered to move forward to relieve the outposts (les avant-postes) of the Corps Colonial and this brought the company to Le Buisson. Around 9.00am, a strong German attack began that forced the battalion to retire. Two unsuccessful counter-attacks by the 10^e and 12^e compagnies took place in the afternoon and in the night the battalion regrouped on the Moulin de Maurupt.

The defence around Pargny-sur-Saulx and Maurupt-le-Montois by the regiment continued until 11 September with considerable losses to both sides. However, the regimental JMO then describes how the 72^e, on 12 September, having been reinforced with 295 men, advanced in pursuit of the Germans who had begun retreating towards the North. The end of their battle of the Marne.

I’ve found no subsequent citation or mention for Hippolyte Brosse in the JMO and there’s no official recognition for his actions recorded on his service record in the registres d’incorporation militaire held in the Archives départementales des Yvelines et de l’ancienne Seine-et-Oise. In fact, it’s very sparse … and sadder for that. You can see for yourself here.

Searches to establish something about his family background (such as whether his parents were wealthy, influential or both) have yielded no clues. The family seems the more likely of the two most obvious options for the memorial stone and dedication given the date of Hippolyte’s death and the very slim life chances for « ceux de ’14 » to have survived the war.

The purpose of this blog post wasn’t to provide answers. Further research (perhaps looking at the post-war regional press to find an account of the unveiling and dedication ceremony (or ceremonies for the two memorials)) might give useful information on what was a relatively exceptional tribute for one of the approximately 1,357,800 French dead in the war. What can be said is that each of the French private memorials on the Western Front (and there are undoubtedly more French private memorials than say, British or American*) has its own story attached to it. Each merits a study of the individual and what the memorial is commemorating – the deeds of the soldier and his death in battle, or simply the man, perhaps as a loved and cherished family member whose life was cut short in the tragedy of war.

The circumstances of each man’s death can provide a wealth of insights into the conduct of the war and the realities of the individual soldier’s experience. Hippolyte Brosse’s war was a very short one. He was « 19 ans, 10 mois et 13 jours » (as the Mémoire des Hommes web site tells us) when he died. From these two facts alone we’re reminded that wars are usually fought by the young (sometimes the very young – still a teenager in this case) and that, as a modern industrial war, la Grande Guerre was already ravenously devouring the lives of the men of the French nation from the earliest days. It would continue to do so for more than another four years.

* The situation with German memorials is complicated by Alsace and Lorraine being, effectively, a part of Germany until the Treaty of Versailles officially handed them over to France and by the years when German troops occupied areas of North East France).

French Army, Liaison, Missions Militaires, Western Front

“Our Allies, the French”: Military Liaison with France’s Allies on the Western Front

Introduction

Developing upon my broader interest in the French experience of the First World War and my knowledge of, and long-established interest in the British Army, the specific focus of my current research is military liaison. Such liaison is essential to effective military operations in any coalition of two or more military forces from different nations. My work is intended to include an examination of what structures, organisation and methods existed to encourage co-operation in military operations between the French and Allied forces on the Western Front and how well these aids to co-operation performed and survived under the pressure of the events of the war. The particular focus is 1918 and especially on the response to the German Spring Offensives, when these structures and methods were under greatest stress.

Here I’ll be aiming to present elements of that research in what I hope will be a clear and linked series of posts.

A key element to look at is the liaison framework that was developed and evolved from the beginning of the war. Chiefly, examples will be drawn from the arrangements between the French and the British, as this also forms a ‘baseline’ against which to examine similarities and differences from the cases of other nations’ armies – the Belgians, the Italians and the Americans.

Essential to the hope of harmonious co-operation between the French Army and its British ally’s much smaller counterpart, the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), was the idea of a French ‘military mission’ (mission militaire française (MMF)), which was firmly established during the military discussions that followed the establishment of an Entente Cordiale between the two countries in 1904. A similar British mission was also to be created.

When the war began, the British mission established at Grand Quartier Général, the headquarters of the French commander-in-chief, Joseph Joffre, was headed by the military attaché, Colonel (later Brigadier-General) H. Yarde-Buller. But Yarde-Buller was based at the British Embassy in Paris, so it was his deputy, Lieutenant-Colonel G.S. (Sidney) Clive, who was responsible for the day-to-day running of the mission and, from September 1916, he became its chief.

As the historian, Elizabeth Greenhalgh, pointed out, however, with the British expeditionary force operating within a foreign land, with the difference in languages of the two allies, it was the French mission at Sir John French’s General Headquarters (GHQ) and the liaison structures that developed around it that had the greatest importance and, in the next blog post in this occasional series, we’ll begin the story of its creation and start to look at the men who made up the MMF.

Postscript

This will be a very occasional series. All posts are going to be tagged with ‘liaison’. They’ll appear as and when I am able to fit them in and I still intend to produce resources and the obscure stuff that I come across, as well as In Depth images, etc on this site. So, why not subscribe if you haven’t done already? You don’t have to keep checking to see if I got my finger out and completed another post. Instead, you get a notification every time a new one appears. Seems almost too easy …

More to come. Thanks for reading.

1919, After the War, Alsace, Art and Artists, People, Writers and Books

Propaganda, Nostalgia, Children’s Literature and Peepo!

Let me introduce you to « Le Paradis Tricolore ». It’s a book that’s held a particular fascination for me for some time. It’s a book intended for children. So, what’s its relevance to this blog?
Well, it’s about that disputed region, Alsace, at the time of la Grande Guerre. It’s full of colour, with illustrations on every page, and features sweet children in traditional costumes and the beautiful villages of the region. In its pages appear many French soldiers as cheerful liberators of this “Tricolour Paradise”, warmly welcomed by the people and, especially, by the children « Car le Poilu de France et les enfants d’Alsace sont de grands amis ».
A remarkable book.
It’s blatant propaganda, strongly nationalistic and his pen name might seem weirdly creepy to modern tastes (« l’oncle Hansi » ?!) and yet the book is fascinating for its narrative and, in some aspects, its accuracy. We’ll come to that later.

« Hansi » or « Oncle Hansi » was Jean-Jacques Waltz. The website of the tourist office of Colmar, where he was born in 1873 (two years after Alsace was annexed by Germany after France’s defeat in the War of 1870-71) does a good job of placing the man in context. The son of a museum curator, he studied at l’Académie des Beaux-Arts de Lyon from 1892 to 1895, before returning to Alsace to work as a textile designer. From 1909 he devoted himself exclusively to drawing. A good part of his work shows a deep anti-German sentiment and a strong attachment of Alsatians to France, with a desire on their part to become French again. His works mocked Germans visiting Alsace and he was imprisoned several times for this. Just before the war, he fled to France and, when war broke out, joined the French army and became a propagandist. After the war, his books portrayed a patriotic Alsace which was happy to be French again. But, as the tourist office says “this idyllic image of a rural, wonderful, pleasant, red, white and blue and somewhat backward-looking and folkloric Alsace did not correspond to reality”. The detail of Alsace’s history is much more complicated than perhaps many of us think.

Waltz was more popular and successful in his career than perhaps we can appreciate.

When I first saw « Le Paradis Tricolore », it immediately put me in mind of Peepo! by Janet and Allan Ahlberg – a book that was very popular with my children (and me!) when they were very small. If you don’t know it, there’s a couple of images in the slideshow below to help you. Peepo! is a story in rhyme of an infant in (Second World War) wartime Britain. The backdrop of barrage balloons, bombed buildings, people in uniform and RAF planes feels entirely incidental to the story. But the detail of the period is beautifully captured in the late Janet Ahlberg’s illustrations of tin baths, clothes horses, sleeveless sweaters, tin mugs and tea cosies.

Allan Ahlberg has made clear that the nostalgia in these images references his own wartime childhood. In many ways, it’s possible to see it as incidental to the story. However, the accuracy of portrayal of OXO tins and terraced house outhouses is vital to this nostalgia. It works brilliantly.

Hansi’s purpose is in both romanticising Alsace and its French connections and satirising the Germans. But, in order to do this, his depictions of villages and towns need to be completely faithful to reality at the time the war ended. Churches, public buildings and houses in places like Thann and Massevaux are faithfully captured. Some locations still recognisable and largely unchanged. Would a child notice these details? Perhaps not. But an adult reading to a child would – just as I did with Peepo!.

However, it’s not just the buildings. Looking at the detail of the uniforms of the French soldiers shows they too are remarkably accurate – down to the rank insignia, the « chevrons d’ancienneté de presence » and trade badges (see my previous post here for examples). Even the presence of colonial troops (by 1918 a hugely important part of the French war effort) is included (« j’ai vu des Poilus Sénégalais tout noirs, un large coutelas à la ceinture, qui ont un air terrible »). Sadly, the ‘Senegalese’ men themselves appear as dreadful racial stereotypes characteristic of the period. But their uniforms are kaki – another important historical detail.

Somewhat incongruously, a zouave, with carefully prepared cover story, appears in the 1914 uniform that was completely unsuitable for the type of warfare encountered in the Great War (« c’est un des nombreux engagés volontaires alsaciens, qui pour venir en permission tiennent à mettre la tenue légendaire de ce corps. »). This is also a subtle acknowledgement of the pieds-noirs who had fled Alsace after the War of 1870-71 and who resettled in Algeria, from where many of the zouave units recruited. Other incidental details ‘celebrate’ the other troops who fought in this sector of the Western Front including the chasseurs alpins and l’armée de l’air.

Having technically committed treason as a citizen of Imperial German Alsace in 1914 (see this remarkable Bekanntmachung, issued on 1 September 1914), Hansi was a target for the German Nazis in the Second World War and was viciously beaten by Gestapo agents in April 1941. Fortunately, he survived and lived until 1951, a Commandeur de la Légion d’Honneur and a recipient of the Croix de guerre avec palmes from each of the two world wars.

Outside his native Alsace, he may not be well-known but, like Georges Spitzmuller, more important during his lifetime than is recognised.

language, Resources

More military abbreviations

Another list of acronyms and abbreviations associated with French Army terminology in La Grande Guerre. This time those most likely to be encountered ‘behind the front’ or in support of the artillery.

Once again, if you have further examples, or can otherwise improve on what’s here, please feel free to comment and make suggestions.

CID : Centre d’Instruction Divisionnaire
Cie. T. : Compagnie de Télégraphistes
CMI : Centre de Mobilisation Militaire
COA : Commis et Ouvriers d’Administration – Administration Clerks and Workers
CVAD : Convoi Administratif – unit of ‘the train’
CVAX : Convoi Auxiliaire – unit of ‘the train’
DCF : Direction des Chemins de fer
DCFC : Direction des Chemins de fer de Campagne
DCM : Dépôts de Chevaux Malades ou blessés
DES : Direction des Étapes et des Services – Formation in the rear area attached to an army to plan and ensure supplies and evacuations of wounded, etc.
DRM : Dépôt de remonte mobile
ESG : Ecole supérieure de guerre
ETEM : Escadron du train des équipages militaires – equivalent of the British and US Army Service Corps units
GMP : Gouvernement Militaire de Paris
GQG : Grand Quartier Général
GVC : Gardes Voies Communication – protection of Lines of Communication
HVI : Hôpital Vétérinaire de l’Intérieur
SAP: Section d’Autos Projecteurs – vehicle-mounted searchlight unit
SEMR : Section des secrétaires d’état-major et de recrutement
SP : Secteur Postal
SP : Section de Projecteurs – searchlight unit
SPC: Section des Projecteurs de Campagne
SR : Service de Renseignements
SRA : Section de Ravitaillement d’Artillerie – Artillery Supply unit – ‘Ammunition Column’
SRA : Service de Renseignement de l’Artillerie – Created in November 1915, more than a year prior to the British system of Counter-Battery Staff Officers was established.
SROT : Section de Repérage par l’Observation Terrestre – French equivalent of the British ‘Flash-Spotters’ – ‘Ground Observation Tracking Section’
SRS : Section de repérage par le son – Sound Ranging Section
STA : Section de Transport Automobile
STCA : Section Topographique de Corps d’Armée
STDI : Section Topographique de Division d’Infanterie
TM : Section automobile de Transport de Matériel
TP : Section automobile de Transport de Personnel
TPS : Télégraphe Par le Sol – ground telegraph i.e. by wire
TSF : Télégraphie Sans Fil – Wireless
VF : Voie Ferrée
VR : Voie Routière

ADDITION : Some abbreviations present on the
headstones of French military cemeteries

AMC : Groupes d’auto-mitrailleuses et d’autocanons
AS : Artillerie d’assaut (Artillerie spéciale)
AS/1 : Artillerie d’assaut (1er groupe)
AT : Artillerie de tranchée
BCA : Bataillon de chasseurs alpins
BCP : Bataillon de chasseurs à pied
BMC : Bataillon de marche colonial
BTAM : Bataillon de troupes auxiliaires marocaines
BTI : Bataillon de tirailleurs indochinois
BTM : Bataillon de tirailleurs malgaches (ou marocains)
BTS : Bataillon de tirailleurs sénégalais
BTS or BTSo : Bataillon de tirailleurs somaliens
BTT : Bataillon de tirailleurs tunisiens
BTZ : Bataillon territorial de zouaves
DES : Direction des étapes et services
DTMA : Direction des transports militaires aux armées
Etrang. : Régiment de la Légion étrangère (ex. 2o Etrang.)
RA : Régiment d’artillerie
RAC : Régiment d’artillerie de campagne
RACP : Régiment d’artillerie de campagne portée
RAL : Régiment d’artillerie lourde
RALA : Régiment d’artillerie lourde d’armée
RALC : Régiment d’artillerie lourde courte
RALGP : Régiment d’artillerie lourde à grande puissance
RALL : Régiment d’artillerie lourde longue
RALP : Régiment d’artillerie lourde puissante
RALT : Régiment d’artillerie lourde à tracteurs
RALVF : Régiment d’artillerie lourde sur voie ferrée
RAP : Régiment d’artillerie portée
RAP : Régiment d’artillerie à pied
RAS : Régiment d’artillerie d’assaut
RAT : Régiment d’artillerie de tranchée
RAT : Réservistes territoriaux
REI : Régiment étranger d’infanterie (Légion étrangère)
RFM : Régiment de fusiliers marins
RI : Régiment d’infanterie
RIC : Régiment d’infanterie coloniale
RICM : Régiment d’infanterie coloniale du Maroc
RIT : Régiment d’infanterie territoriale
R. MARCHE ETRANG. : Régiment de marche de la Légion étrangère*
RTA : Régiment de tirailleurs algériens
RMZ : Régiment de marche de zouaves
RMZT : Régiment mixte de zouaves et de ti
railleurs
RMT : Régiment de marche de tirailleurs
RTM : Régiment de tirailleurs marocains
RZ : Régiment de zouaves
STM : Section transport de matériel
TEM : Train des équipages militaires

* A régiment de marche is a temporary French military formation created for a specific campaign or military purpose. Regiments de marche were often a response to manpower shortages. They could also be formed from units that had become disorganized, or from new recruits who had not yet been formed into regular units.

After the War, Battlefield Tourism, Civilians, remembrance tourism, tourisme de mémoire

(Very) Early ‘Pilgrimages’ to the Great War battlefields

The little-known story of the 1919 First World War Battlefield tours organised by a French railway company.

The three souvenir guides produced by the Chemin de Fer du Nord for the first three 1919 rail Pilgrimages to the World War One battlefields (from the author’s collection).

There has been recent good work produced in English on what is variously termed ‘battlefield tourism’, ‘pilgrimages to the Western Front’ and ‘remembrance tourism’. This has focused on both informal small groups and larger, formal tours – the latter arranged by organisations like the British Legion and the St. Barnabas Society. However, while there are several French language journal articles and blog posts on the subject of battlefield tourism by rail – an area in which La Compagnie du chemin de fer du Nord and, later, La Compagnie des chemins de fer de l’Est (also known as La Compagnie de l’Est) realised a potential commercial opportunity, there’s seemingly not much in English.

Right here, I’m going to make clear that the list of links at the end of this article points to more detailed studies in French that are thoroughly recommended. What follows is only an overview of the subject in part motivated by the acquisition of the three souvenir booklets shown in the slide show above (and other ephemera – which we will come to).

The French called these battlefield visits « pèlerinages » or ‘pilgrimages’ – a sympathetic term (despite the hard-nosed commercialism from the rail companies) in a predominantly-Catholic country that had the visit to a religious site in search of an answer, or a miracle, still deeply embedded in its national character at this time. The term « circuit touristique » (which you see in the Guide Michelin) was considered inappropriate.

The first rail excursions to the battlefields from Paris were made by groups of journalists and business people and civic dignitaries. But, starting from 11 May 1919, the first « train de pèlerinage » ran every Sunday and, soon, every Sunday and Thursday to Albert, Arras and Lens via the Ancre valley and Vimy. Aller-retour tickets between Paris and Albert were priced at 42,80 F (Francs) for 1^e classe (I’d be really grateful if someone could reply with a reliable calculation of the equivalent amount in Euros, US Dollars or Pounds Sterling today) while 2^e and 3^e classe were, in turn, about ten francs cheaper than the higher class. Trains left Gare du Nord at 7.20 a.m. and arrived back at 7.45 p.m. Travel beyond Albert was by baladeuses – tram cars transformed specially-equipped open wagons.. Later tours sometimes included travel by buses. Travellers could pick up souvenirs of their trip at any of the stops and postcards and tourist guides like the examples above were available to buy.

From 15 June, a second “Battle of the Somme” pilgrimage ran on Sundays and Tuesdays, then from 9 October just on Sundays. The round trip from Paris went to Montdidier, Chaulnes, Péronne, Cléry and Maurepas in ten hours. In other words, quite clearly, the French Bataille de la Somme. The ticket costs between 18 and 35 F.

On 13 July, a “Chemin des Dames” pilgrimage commenced and ran on Sundays, Thursdays and holidays. This time the round trip from Paris, went via Coucy-le-Château, Anizy, Chailvet, the Chemin des Dames and Crouy to Soissons. This took twelve hours and cost between 35 and 51 F. To see the Chemins des Dames, passengers had to ride in the buses of the Société de construction et d’entretien de équipements industriels et agricoles (SCEMIA), which was contracted for the work.

Items from my collection relating to the 1919 « pèlerinages » : publicity leaflet for the 1st Pèlerinage including information on fast rail services to London, Brussels, Amsterdam, Cologne and « les Pays Rhénans occupés » and this in July 1919 (left and centre) and 2nd class ticket to Péronne dated 28 August 1919 (right) found in a guidebook for the 2nd tour but, presumably, given the date was a Monday, not from the tour itself.

From July 1919, la Compagnie du chemin de fer du Nord took a significant step in introducing a fourth daily tour. Under the name « Une journée aux champs de bataille franco-anglais » (“A day in the Franco-English battlefields”) the tour, which had only two classes (1st and 2nd), took fifteen hours and ran from Paris to Albert or Arras, via Bapaume, Bullecourt, Vimy and Lens. Tickets cost between 85 and 99 F. Road transport from the Société française des auto-mails supplemented the rail element and offered a means for ‘pilgrims’ to join the tour from places outside Paris, or travel solely by road. The poster below from a later road tour of the battlefields of Alsace-Lorraine gives a good illustration of an ‘auto-mail’.

Poster entitled « Visite des Champs de Bataille et de l'Alsace-Lorraine » showing a battlefield tour itinerary and travellers in a yellow 'auto-mail' or charabanc.

Image courtesy of Imperial War Museums (© IWM Art.IWM PST 12773)

A 5th rail tour beginning on 25 October 1919 entitled « Les Champs de bataille d’Ypres » ran daily from Paris to Lille, Armentières, Locre, Ypres and Gheluvelt and took 14 hours. Tickets were 93 F (2nd class) and 110 F (1st).

The rail tours ran again in 1920 on modified itineraries and to some new locations but at the end of the year, the rail company decided to discontinue them, in part, [perhaps because tours by road transport were offering greater flexibility and were proving more popular.

Finally, a short list of articles and websites in French that cover this subject in more detail. I recommend them all:

Journal article:

Gersende Piernas, « Les pèlerinages dans les régions dévastées du nord de la France organisés par la Compagnie du chemin de fer du Nord au lendemain de la Première Guerre mondiale », In Situ [En ligne], 25 | 2014, mis en ligne le 10 décembre 2014, consulté le 14 février 2023. URL :http://journals.openedition.org/insitu/11420

DOI :https://doi.org/10.4000/insitu.11420

Blogs and Websites:

Les pèlerinages dans les régions dévastées de la France organisés par les Compagnies des chemin de fer du Nord et de l’Est – this covers battlefield tours by road and rail.

Promenons-nous aux champs … de bataille !

Alsace, Artillery, People, Writers and Books

Georges Spitzmuller: A popular First World War writer you’ve probably never heard of …

« 15 octobre [1915] : Schmargult
La batterie de 95 de Schmargult tire sous la direction de Georges Spitzmuller romancier-feuilletoniste-librettiste et… capitaine d’artillerie ; elle bombarde le joli village de Mühlbach, entre Munster et Metzeral. Ah ! Détruire ces objets qui sont le régal de notre gourmandise patriotique !…. Pour Spitzmuller, Alsacien, quel drame intime. » ¹

It’s a throwaway reference. It felt worth looking into. Who was this ‘novelist-journalist-librettist and… artillery captain’?

Born on the last day of 1866 at Épinal in the Vosges département, his early life was against the backdrop of the French defeat in the War of 1870 and, as a small child, he was one of those besieged in the fortress city of Belfort. Later, as a student in Belfort he volunteered for military service (engagé conditionnel) a little before his 20th birthday, when his period of obligatory military service would have begun. We can’t be absolutely sure why, but exploring the possible reasons gives a fascinating insight into French military conscription under the law of 1872. It was, quite literally, a lottery. Space here precludes detail but, in essence, to remove the risk of a long period of enlistment, a recruit could pay a sum of money ‘en droit d’acquittement‘ and, provided he had ‘irreproachable conduct’ during his period of service and had a good military education, he could serve for one year and avoid the possibility of five years’ service. Given the sum that had to be paid, this was insurance for the middle classes. The law of 1905, which reduced military service to 2 years and abolished all exemptions, except those for disability, finally ended this inequitable ‘conscription insurance’.

Of course, even those like Georges who took this option still had to complete their subsequent military service obligations. After a year with the 5e Régiment d’artillerie, he was placed « en disponibilité » until 1891 when he transitioned to the reserve as a sous-lieutenant de réserve. Numerous periods of training exercises with the artillery reserve between 1889 and 1896 followed, then in the territorial artillery in 1900, 1903 and 1905 during which time he was promoted to lieutenant, before service in the territorial reserve. By 1913, he was capitaine de réserve.

Outside his military service, Georges married and first developed a career as a journalist (he was editor of the short-lived Libéral de l’Est – a newspaper in Nancy). He also wrote the vocal scores for a number of operas and two plays. However, his main career was to develop as a romancier or novelist. His books were numerous and across a variety of genres: police and detective mysteries, romans d’amour, romans de cape et d’épée (for example, Le Capitaine Bel-Cœur : « aventures d’amour et d’épée sous Henri IV ») and historical novels. He had become ‘well-known’, but had not achieved notable success when war intervened.

All images are « Source: gallica.bnf.fr / Bibliothèque nationale de France »

As capitaine de réserve Georges began his war service in the 49e batterie of the 62e régiment d’artillerie de campagne (RAC). The batterie was equipped with the Canon de 95 modèle 1875 Lahitolle – the first French artillery piece manufactured from steel. Although still in use for fortress and coastal defences, these out-dated guns were brought back into service with the field artillery because of the inability of French industry to manufacture more modern guns in sufficient quantities early in the war. Over a thousand were used. Reserve artillery units were typically those equipped with these guns. It was with 62e RAC that Maurice Bedel encountered him in Autumn 1915 (although his regiment was re-organised as 101e Régiment d’Artillerie Lourde on 1 November 1915). Their friendship probably had its origins in their status as fellow writers and Bedel provides several stories from their time in the increasingly tough conditions as winter descended on their mountain positions. Just after Christmas 1915, Spitzmuller’s unit moved from the sector and their time and adventures together ended.

War in the mountains of Alsace in the depths of winter took their toll on the 49-year old Spitzmuller and at the beginning of February 1916 he was evacuated to hospital in Belfort then, on leave for seven days in Monéteau (Yonne), he was admitted to Nr 107 auxiliary hospital in Auxerre for bronchitis and emphysema. His regiment considered him as definitively evacuated i.e. unlikely to return. He had a period of convalescence in mid-1916 but any possibility of his return to front-line service was ended by a further period of convalescence after again being evacuated to hospital in July 1918. Meanwhile he was made chevalier de la Légion d’honneur on 5 January 1918.

It’s during this period he began his association with La Collection “Patrie” – a collection of fictionalised and very patriotic short stories published by Éditions Rouff based on various episodes of the war. Some examples of Spitzmuller’s works are shown (I’m torn between ‘To the Rescue’ and ‘The Ace of Searchlights’ as my favourite). One of the things that most attracts collectors to the series lies in the colour cover illustrations, many of which were the work of Gil Baer who, like Spitzmuller was an Alsatian and whose work was widely known from newspapers and postcards. You can see one of his works below.

The influence of these 24-page booklets on shaping popular knowledge of, and attitudes to, the war during, and immediately after, has been undervalued.² Printed on the poor quality paper available at that stage of the war, with their colour illustrated cover and priced at 20 centimes, they were intended to attract the errand boy and junior clerk, the schoolboy and all those who craved adventure and knowledge of what the war was really like.

Spitzmuller, continued to write other novels after the war’s end. By one account, he “contributed … to rehabilitate the popular novel. He liked to entertain a large and diverse audience, to involve it in adventures of tenderness and heroism…” and his death in October 1926 hurt “the anonymous general public to whom he provided, every morning, moments of joy or emotion.”³ In La Collection “Patrie” he found one creative outlet.

Gilles Berr dit Gil Baer, Carte postale depicting the countries of Europe as women (1901)

Perhaps in many ways a ‘minor character’ in the story of the war, researching Spitzmuller’s story provided a real insight into some less-well known aspects of the French military and society.

This blog post could not have been written without the generous help of Simon Godly, whose website webmatters.net is thoroughly recommended. Simon took on the task of tracking down Georges Spitzmuller’s service record with enthusiasm and determination and provided lots of other useful information – especially on the system of conscription in place under the law of 1872.

¹ Maurice Bedel, Journal de guerre (CONTEMPO.) (French Edition) (p. 318). Tallandier. Kindle Edition.

² Frederic, François, “Littérature populaire et témoignage : les livres que Norton Cru n’a pas lus” in : Madeleine Frederic& Patrick Lefevre, Actes du colloque : Sur les traces de Jean Norton Cru, colloque international 18-19 novembre 1999, Centre d’Histoire militaire – Musée Royal de l’Armée, Travaux, 32, Bruxelles, 2000, pp. 53-74.

³ From the web site
http://artlyriquefr.fr/personnages/Spitzmuller%20Georges.html

language, The Experience of War, Uncategorized

le « Système D »

In Life, it’s necessary to know how to sort things out, to unravel the knotty problem, to untangle complicated affairs, to de…mystify, declutter, deconstruct the problem. Le système D is all about resourcefulness.

In this carte postale humoristique, we see how a soldier makes use of these skills in a ‘non-military context’. The postcard was produced by A.H. Katz and was typical of the company’s output. Another example, A quoi elles rêvent : la midinette, la nourrice, la mondaine, la bourgeoise can be found here.

I was surprised to find that the term ‘système D‘ was more elusive in origin than I’d expected. It’s identified as a military term, and supposedly one from the Great War, la Grande Guerre, World War One, the First World War (take your pick). One or two websites place its origins ‘Vers 1916‘. It makes sense that it was military slang, along the lines of “improvise, adapt, overcome” but I’ve yet to find the circumstances in which it came into common usage.

What I did find, on the very interesting web site, MENUSTORY.COM : L’Histoire des menus, les menus de l’Histoire created and developed by M. Yves Françoise and based on his collection, was this item (reproduced by kind permission of M Françoise):

Front illustration of a menu card showing a cavalry soldier of the early 19th century on horseback taking a drink from a lady holding a tray with a bottle on it. She stands on the balcony of what is probably an inn with a sign outside it. — [***Copyright menustory.com © Yves FRANÇOISE***]

Detail from a menu from the French 19th Territorial Infantry Regiment for 'Réveillon 1914' (either Christmas Eve or New Year's Eve) with items that have associations with events, places or people in the First World War. Examples are 'Le Pudding Général French' and 'Le Potage à la Joffre'. Also featured is 'Le Filet Système D' - which links to this blog post's theme. — [***Copyright menustory.com © Yves FRANÇOISE***]

In this menu from the 19e Régiment Territorial d’Infanterie for ‘Réveillon 1914’ – Christmas Eve or New Year’s Eve – there are puns and references to events, places or people in the First World War. Examples are ‘Le Pudding Général French’ and ‘Le Potage à la Joffre’. Also featured is ‘Le Filet Système D’.

A reference to this term in a military context by a Territorial regiment at the end of 1914. It’s also reasonable to conclude from the context here that this was not by any means the first occasion of the use of the term. For the joke to be understood, système D needed to have been in common usage among those who sat down to enjoy this fine meal.

So, two (three?) mysteries remain: When and why was the term système D first used, and what was the origin of the meat in ‘le Filet Système D’ that gave this dish its name?! It may be best not to speculate too much.

A final note on ‘Do-Do’ and ‘Do-Due’. « Aller faire dodo » is to go to beddy-byes, « dodue » means plump, or chubby. Maybe they also had military connotations (although I doubt it)!

I hope you’ve found this interesting. If you have information to share on all this, or want to comment on this blog post, do feel free to get in touch using the ‘Contact’ form on the site.

Témoins, The Experience of War

« La Roumanie marche !…. » Romania enters the war – as seen from a French perspective

28 août 1916

Schluchtmatt, Alsace

« 15 heures – « LA ROUMANIE A DÉCLARÉ LA GUERRE À L’AUTRICHE ».

Ce bruit vient de se glisser comme un murmure dans les lignes. Un ravitailleur l’a rapporté de Gérardmer… Puis un agent de liaison de la brigade, essoufflé, ruisselant de sueur et de pluie, jette en passant devant mon poste… « La Roumanie marche !…. » Alors le bruit prend de la consistance. De ruisseau qu’il était il devient torrent. Il se précipite des hauteurs de France dans les vallées d’Alsace. Il envahit les batteries, puis les postes de commandement, puis les tranchées, jusqu’aux postes d’écoute : « Ohé ! Les gars !…. Ça y est, la Roumanie marche !…. » Aussitôt une pancarte énorme est dressée au-dessus de la tranchée et annonce brutalement à l’ennemi cette nouvelle si grave pour lui. Je téléphone à Gaschney, à la brigade : on me confirme la nouvelle, qui vient d’être lancée par la tour Eiffel. La T.S.F. des postes d’artillerie l’a saisie au vol… Alors la joie est unanime, bruyante, délirante. Le plus abruti des troupiers en saisit l’importance. On ne saura jamais l’impatience avec laquelle dans notre solitude des tranchées nous attendions cette déclaration de guerre. Peut-être ne produira-t-elle pas l’effet attendu ?…. Peu importe, c’est une chance de plus de succès et, surtout, c’est une possibilité d’abréger la durée de la guerre.
Et ce soir dans toutes les popotes on débouche du champagne à la santé des Roumains. »

Bedel, Maurice. Journal de guerre (CONTEMPO.) (French Edition) (pp. 426-427). Tallandier. Kindle Edition.

The reaction of French soldiers to Romania’s entry into the war on the Allied side in August 1916, as captured so well by Maurice Bedel in this extract from his Journal de guerre, seems completely at odds with how the events of Romania’s brief role as a fighting partner in the Allied Coalition appear to be consistently portrayed in English-language accounts of the war. The reasons behind it are complex, but there are a few things worthy of consideration.

Romania entered the war whilst the 1916 battle of the Somme was in full flow, with Germany’s recent attempts to destroy France’s fighting forces in the attritional fighting at Verdun seemingly foiled and Russia having conducted a successful offensive in June 1916 that still, at this time, in contrast to the reality on the ground, suggested the Russian armies might, after all, make an effective contribution to the Allied cause. Romania’s subsequent swift defeat is, in popular accounts at least, dismissed as almost inevitable and even of little relevance.

For France, however, Romania had held, and despite its subsequent defeat, continued to hold, a much greater significance. One very important but obvious factor (and yet easily overlooked from an island off mainland Europe or from places far away in other continents), was that events, and the war, in Eastern Europe had a greater immediacy for the French. France after all occupied the other side of the European land mass from Romania. This, in turn, helped to fuel the French politico-military view that drove the push after the failure of the British-led efforts to storm the Dardanelles and the Gallipoli disaster, for the joint Allied effort to switch to a French-inspired and -led campaign in Southeast Europe from Salonika.

Romania as a nation had only existed since 1861 and had been tied to the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy by a secret treaty aimed at safeguarding the country against any act of aggression by Russia. The outbreak of war in 1914 split the country with the King, Carol I, in favour of honouring this treaty, but the government strongly in favour of siding with the Allies. The government’s view prevailed, the king abdicated, to be replaced by his son, Ferdinand I. Romania’s entry into the war was the culmination of French-led diplomacy that also saw France promise to provide equipment for the Romanian Army and a mission militaire was established under général Henri Berthelot – a substantial and experienced military commander. The promise of equipment was not honoured, however, until after the army was defeated and had been driven into exile in Russia. Only then did French equipment like the Mle.15 caisque Adrian (below) start to flow as part of the Romanian Army’s re-organisation. The results of this reorganisation were seen in August 1917 in a successful counterattack at Mărăşti and in the later battle of Mărăşeşti.

*Romania steel helmet, Model 1915 Adrian type – National World War I Museum – Kansas City, MO*.

The Romanian forces’ situation became more complicated still with Russia’s collapse and the rise of the Bolshevik revolutionary forces. Romania, surrounded by the Central Powers, had little choice but to sign an armistice in December 1917, followed by a peace treaty on 7 May 1918. The French were forced to withdraw their military presence and Berthelot went back to the Western Front, where he played a key and very successful part in the Second Battle of the Marne in July 1918.

Berthelot was back to lead an Army of the Danube in October 1918 advancing through defeated Bulgaria and aiming to draw Romania back into the war. This did, indeed, happen. On 10 November 1918, one day before the fighting stopped.

After the war, Romanian troops, like those of other European states or nascent states, were seen as a key part of the bulwark against the Bolshevik revolutionaries and France continued to maintain a strong military presence in support of Romanian forces in the complex situation in Eastern Europe, with French forces only being withdrawn from Odessa in April 1919. (For more on this, read Robert Gerwath’s excellent The Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End, 1917-1923 (2016)).

French Army, Regiments, Training, Weapons

Training and Competition in a French infantry regiment, November 1916

Here’s something rather nice that tells an interesting story. It’s the work of Pierre Perrin, whose letters and memoir of his war service you can read in « Un guerrier d’occasion, journal illustré du fantassin Pierre Perrin (1914-1918) » published by Editions Ouest-France in 2012.

It’s a poster or handbill for a Fête Sportive of the 27e régiment d’infanterie. But most of the ‘sport’ (Foot-ball [sic] apart) is really all about skill at arms.

27e Régiment d'Infanterie Fête Sportive (Sports Day) programme for 17 November 1916 — *27^e Régiment d’Infanterie Fête Sportive* (Sports Day)*, le 17 novembre 1916. From the collection of Pierre Perrin, agent de liaison et artiste au front, Archives départmentales de Saône-et-Loire Ref: FRAD071-008*
*CC-BY-SA 3.0*

With First Prizes of 7 bottles of mousseux (sparkling wine), Second Prizes provided by the Comité Américain (which one – there were several – is not clear) and Third Prize in each competition of 4 bottles of mousseux, as well as a box of cigars for officer and for non-commissioned officer competitions’, the prizes were well-judged for the intended competitors.

There are competitions to test the skills of machine-gunners, semi-automatic rifle teams, riflemen, rifle grenadiers and bombers. The last are to be marked based on accuracy and distance.

And the context for all this drive to motivate the men of the regiment in this way is provided by this short extract from the regimental history:

*Extract from* Historique du 27e R. I. pendant la guerre 1914-1918 published in 19?? by R. Thorey (Dijon), accessed at https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6227030j 6 Nov 2022.

Two months’ instruction for the division and then the corps at the Camp de Saffais (a large training area in the Meurthe-et-Moselle département to the SE of Nancy) where liaison in the attack (including with aircraft) was a key area of focus. Each infantry section was also provided with precisely the weapons in which the competitions would test the men’s newly-honed skills – the light machine-gun or automatic rifle, the rifle grenade (amusingly described as V[iven].B[essières] ‘blunderbusses’) and the 37mm canon – a close-support weapon.